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# NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF)
## Technical Specification
## NFC Forum
#### TM
## NDEF 1.
## NFCForum-TS-NDEF_1.
## 2006-07-
##### RESTRICTIONS ON USE
This specification is copyright © 2005-2006 by the NFC Forum, and was made available pursuant to a
license agreement entered into between the recipient (Licensee) and NFC Forum, Inc. (Licensor) and may
be used only by Licensee, and in compliance with the terms of that license agreement (License). If you are
not the Licensee, you are not authorized to make any use of this specification. However, you may obtain a
copy at the following page of Licensor's Website: [http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/spec_license](http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/spec_license) after
entering into and agreeing to such license terms as Licensor is then requiring. On the date that this
specification was downloaded by Licensee, those terms were as follows:
1. LICENSE GRANT.
Licensor hereby grants Licensee the right, without charge, to copy (for internal purposes only) and share
the Specification with Licensee's members, employees and consultants (as appropriate). This license grant
does not include the right to sublicense, modify or create derivative works based upon the Specification.
2. NO WARRANTIES.
THE SPECIFICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS AND
NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL LICENSOR, ITS
MEMBERS OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL,
INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING
FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH
THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SPECIFICATION.
3. THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
Without limiting the generality of Section 2 above, LICENSOR ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY TO
COMPILE, CONFIRM, UPDATE OR MAKE PUBLIC ANY THIRD PARTY ASSERTIONS OF
PATENT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS THAT MIGHT NOW OR IN THE
FUTURE BE INFRINGED BY AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIFICATION IN ITS CURRENT,
OR IN ANY FUTURE FORM. IF ANY SUCH RIGHTS ARE DESCRIBED ON THE SPECIFICATION,
LICENSOR TAKES NO POSITION AS TO THE VALIDITY OR INVALIDITY OF SUCH
ASSERTIONS, OR THAT ALL SUCH ASSERTIONS THAT HAVE OR MAY BE MADE ARE SO
LISTED.
4. TERMINATION OF LICENSE.
In the event of a breach of this Agreement by Licensee or any of its employees or members, Licensor shall
give Licensee written notice and an opportunity to cure. If the breach is not cured within thirty (30) days
after written notice, or if the breach is of a nature that cannot be cured, then Licensor may immediately or
thereafter terminate the licenses granted in this Agreement.
5. MISCELLANEOUS.
All notices required under this Agreement shall be in writing, and shall be deemed effective five days from
deposit in the mails. Notices and correspondence to the NFC Forum address as it appears below. This
Agreement shall be construed and interpreted under the internal laws of the United States and the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without giving effect to its principles of conflict of law.
NFC Forum, Inc.
401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600
Wakefield, MA, USA 01880
## Contents
- 1 Overview........................................................................................................ Contents
- 1.1 Objectives...........................................................................................................................
- 1.1.1 Design Goals.........................................................................................................
- 1.1.2 Anti-Goals.............................................................................................................
- 1.2 References..........................................................................................................................
- 1.3 Administration....................................................................................................................
- 1.4 Special Word Usage...........................................................................................................
- 1.5 Name and Logo Usage.......................................................................................................
- 1.6 Intellectual Property...........................................................................................................
- 1.7 Glossary..............................................................................................................................
- 2 NDEF Mechanisms........................................................................................
- 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................
- 2.2 Intended Usage...................................................................................................................
- 2.3 NDEF Encapsulation Constructs........................................................................................
- 2.3.1 Message.................................................................................................................
- 2.3.2 Record...................................................................................................................
- 2.3.3 Record Chunks
- 2.4 NDEF Payload Description................................................................................................
- 2.4.1 Payload Length......................................................................................................
- 2.4.2 Payload Type.........................................................................................................
- 2.4.3 Payload Identification..........................................................................................
- 2.5 NDEF Mechanisms Test Requirements...........................................................................
- 3 The NDEF Specification..............................................................................
- 3.1 Data Transmission Order..................................................................................................
- 3.2 Record Layout..................................................................................................................
- 3.2.1 MB (Message Begin)...........................................................................................
- 3.2.2 ME (Message End)..............................................................................................
- 3.2.3 CF (Chunk Flag)..................................................................................................
- 3.2.4 SR (Short Record)...............................................................................................
- 3.2.5 IL (ID_LENGTH field is present).......................................................................
- 3.2.6 TNF (Type Name Format)..................................................................................
- 3.2.7 TYPE_LENGTH.................................................................................................
- 3.2.8 ID_LENGTH.......................................................................................................
- 3.2.9 PAYLOAD_LENGTH........................................................................................
- 3.2.10 TYPE...................................................................................................................
- 3.2.11 ID.........................................................................................................................
- 3.2.12 PAYLOAD..........................................................................................................
- 3.3 THE NDEF Specification Test Requirements..................................................................
- 4 Special Considerations...............................................................................
- 4.1 Internationalization...........................................................................................................
- 4.2 Security.............................................................................................................................
- 4.3 Maximum Field Sizes.......................................................................................................
- 4.4 Use of URIs in NDEF......................................................................................................
- 4.5 Special Consideration Test Requirements........................................................................
- A. Revision History..........................................................................................
Figures
## Figures
#### Figure 1. Example of an NDEF Message with a Set of Records..................................................... 8
#### Figure 2. NDEF Octet Ordering.................................................................................................... 13
#### Figure 3. NDEF Record Layout.................................................................................................... 14
#### Figure 4. NDEF Short-Record Layout (SR=1).............................................................................. 15
## Tables
#### Table 1. TNF Field Values............................................................................................................ 16
#### Table 2. Revision History.............................................................................................................. 21
## Test Requirements
#### Test Requirements 1. NDEF Mechanisms Test Requirements..................................................... 11
#### Test Requirements 2. The NDEF Specification Test Requirements............................................. 18
#### Test Requirements 3. Special Consideration Test Requirements.................................................. 20
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page ii
Overview
## 1 Overview
The International Standard ISO/IEC 18092, Near Field Communication – Interface and Protocol
(NFCIP-1), defines an interface and protocol for simple wireless interconnection of closely
coupled devices operating at 13.56 MHz.
The NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) specification defines a message encapsulation format to
exchange information, e.g. between an NFC Forum Device and another NFC Forum Device or an
NFC Forum Tag.
NDEF is a lightweight, binary message format that can be used to encapsulate one or more
application-defined payloads of arbitrary type and size into a single message construct. Each
payload is described by a type, a length, and an optional identifier.
Type identifiers may be URIs, MIME media types, or NFC-specific types. This latter format
permits compact identification of well-known types commonly used in NFC Forum applications,
or self-allocation of a name space for organizations that wish to use it for their own NFC-specific
purposes.
The payload length is an unsigned integer indicating the number of octets in the payload. A
compact, short-record layout is provided for very small payloads.
The optional payload identifier enables association of multiple payloads and cross-referencing
between them.
NDEF payloads may include nested NDEF messages or chains of linked chunks of length
unknown at the time the data is generated.
NDEF is strictly a message format, which provides no concept of a connection or of a logical
circuit, nor does it address head-of-line problems.
### 1.1 Objectives...........................................................................................................................
The NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) specification is a common data format for NFC Forum
Devices and NFC Forum Tags.
The NFC Data Exchange Format specification defines the NDEF data structure format as well as
rules to construct a valid NDEF message as an ordered and unbroken collection of NDEF records.
Furthermore, it defines the mechanism for specifying the types of application data encapsulated in
NDEF records.
The NDEF specification defines only the data structure format to exchange application or service
specific data in an interoperable way, and it does not define any record types in detail—record
types are defined in separate specifications.
This NDEF specification assumes a reliable underlying protocol and therefore this specification
does not specify the data exchange between two NFC Forum Devices or the data exchange
between an NFC Forum Device and an NFC Forum Tag. Readers are encouraged to review the
NFCIP-1 transport protocol [ISO/IEC 18092].
An example of the use of NDEF is when two NFC Forum Devices are in proximity, an NDEF
message is exchanged over the NFC Forum LLCP protocol. When an NFC Forum Device is in
proximity of an NFC Forum Tag, an NDEF message is retrieved from the NFC Forum Tag by
means of the NFC Forum Tag protocols. The data format of the NDEF message is the same in
these two cases so that an NFC Forum Device may process the NDEF information independent of
the type of device or tag with which it is communicating.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 1
Overview
Because of the large number of existing message encapsulation formats, record marking
protocols, and multiplexing protocols, it is best to be explicit about the design goals of NDEF
and, in particular, about what is outside the scope of NDEF.
#### 1.1.1 Design Goals.........................................................................................................
The design goal of NDEF is to provide an efficient and simple message format that can
accommodate the following:
1. Encapsulating arbitrary documents and entities, including encrypted data, XML documents,
XML fragments, image data like GIF and JPEG files, etc.
2. Encapsulating documents and entities initially of unknown size. This capability can be used
to encapsulate dynamically generated content or very large entities as a series of chunks.
3. Aggregating multiple documents and entities that are logically associated in some manner
into a single message. For example, NDEF can be used to encapsulate an NFC-specific
message and a set of attachments of standardized types referenced from that NFC-specific
message.
4. Compact encapsulation of small payloads should be accommodated without introducing
unnecessary complexity to parsers.
To achieve efficiency and simplicity, the mechanisms provided by this specification have been
deliberately limited to serve these purposes. NDEF has not been designed as a general message
description or document format such as MIME or XML. Instead, NFC applications can take
advantage of such formats by encapsulating them in NDEF messages.
#### 1.1.2 Anti-Goals.............................................................................................................
The following list identifies items outside the scope of NDEF:
1. NDEF does not make any assumptions about the types of payloads that are carried within
NDEF messages or about the message exchange patterns implied by such messages.
2. NDEF does not in any way introduce the notion of a connection or a logical circuit (virtual or
otherwise).
3. NDEF does not attempt to deal with head-of-line blocking problems that might occur when
using stream-oriented protocols like TCP.
### 1.2 References..........................................................................................................................
[ISO/IEC 18092] ISO/IEC 18092, “Information Technology- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems- Near Field Communication -
Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)”.
[NFC RTD] “NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Specification”, NFC Forum, 2006.
[RFC 1700] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, “Assigned Numbers”, STD 2, RFC 1700,
October 1994.
[RFC 1900] B. Carpenter, Y. Rekhter, “Renumbering Needs Work”, RFC 1900, IAB,
February 1996.
[RFC 2046] N. Freed, N. Borenstein, “Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) Part Two: Media Types” RFC 2046, Innosoft, First Virtual,
November 1996.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 2
Overview
[RFC 2047] K. Moore, “MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three:
Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text”, RFC 2047,
University of Tennessee, November 1996.
[RFC 2048] N. Freed, J. Klensin, J. Postel, “Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures”, RFC 2048, Innosoft, MCI,
ISI, November 1996.
[RFC 2119] S. Bradner, “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels”, RFC 2119, Harvard University, March 1997.
[http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.html](http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.html)
[RFC 2616] R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. C. Mogul, H. F. Nielsen, T. Berners-Lee,
“Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1”, RFC 2616, U.C. Irvine,
DEC W3C/MIT, DEC, W3C/MIT, W3C/MIT, January 1997.
[RFC 2717] R. Petke, I. King, “Registration Procedures for URL Scheme Names”,
BCP: 35, RFC 2717, UUNET Technologies, Microsoft Corporation,
November 1999.
[RFC 2718] L. Masinter, H. Alvestrand, D. Zigmond, R. Petke, “Guidelines for new
URL Schemes”, RFC 2718, Xerox Corporation, Maxware, Pirsenteret,
WebTV Networks, Inc., UUNET Technologies, November 1999.
[RFC 2732] R. Hinden, B. Carpenter, L. Masinter, “Format for Literal IPv
Addresses in URL's”, RFC 2732, Nokia, IBM, AT&T, December 1999.
[RFC 3023] M. Murata, S. St. Laurent, D. Kohn, “XML Media Types” RFC 3023,
IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory, simonstl.com, Skymoon Ventures,
January 2001.
[RFC 3986] T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifiers
(URI): Generic Syntax”, RFC 3986, MIT/LCS, U.C. Irvine, Xerox
Corporation, January 2005. [http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.html](http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.html)
[URI SCHEME] List of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes registered by IANA
is available at:http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 3
Overview
### 1.3 Administration....................................................................................................................
The NFC Forum Data Exchange Format Specification is an open specification supported by the
Near Field Communication Forum, Inc., located at:
```
401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600
Wakefield, MA, 01880
Tel.: +1 781-876-
Fax: +1 781-224-
http://www.nfc-forum.org/
```
The Devices technical working group maintains this specification.
### 1.4 Special Word Usage...........................................................................................................
The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”,
“SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
### 1.5 Name and Logo Usage.......................................................................................................
The Near Field Communication Forum’s policy regarding the use of the trademarks NFC Forum
and the NFC Forum logo is as follows:
- Any company MAY claim compatibility with NFC Forum specifications, whether a member
of the NFC Forum or not.
- Permission to use the NFC Forum logos is automatically granted to designated members only
as stipulated on the most recent Membership Privileges document, during the period of time
for which their membership dues are paid.
- Member’s distributors and sales representatives MAY use the NFC Forum logo in promoting
member’s products sold under the name of the member.
- The logo SHALL be printed in black or in color as illustrated on the Logo Page that is
available from the NFC Forum at the address above. The aspect ratio of the logo SHALL be
maintained, but the size MAY be varied. Nothing MAY be added to or deleted from the
logos.
- Since the NFC Forum name is a trademark of the Near Field Communication Forum, the
following statement SHALL be included in all published literature and advertising material in
which the name or logo appears:
NFC Forum and the NFC Forum logo are trademarks of the Near Field Communication
Forum.
### 1.6 Intellectual Property...........................................................................................................
The NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Specification conforms to the Intellectual Property
guidelines specified in the NFC Forum's Intellectual Property Right Policy, as approved on
November 9, 2004 and outlined in the NFC Forum Rules of Procedures, as approved on
December 17, 2004.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 4
Overview
### 1.7 Glossary..............................................................................................................................
NDEF application
```
The logical, higher-layer application on an NFC Forum Device using NDEF to format
information for exchange with other NFC Forum Devices or NFC Forum Tags. Also user
application or NDEF user application.
```
NDEF message
```
The basic message construct defined by this specification. An NDEF message contains
one or more NDEF records (see section 2.3.1).
```
NDEF record
```
An NDEF record contains a payload described by a type, a length, and an optional
identifier (see section 2.3.2).
```
NDEF short record
```
An NDEF record with the SR flag set to 1; the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field in short
records is a single octet allowing payloads or chunks of up to 255 bytes to be carried (see
section 3.2.4).
```
NDEF record chunk
```
An NDEF record that contains a chunk of a payload rather than a full payload (see
section 2.3.3). Each record chunk carrying a portion of the chunked payload, except the
last record of each chunked payload, has its CF flag set to 1.
```
NDEF payload
```
The application data carried within an NDEF record.
```
NDEF chunked payload
```
Application data that has been partitioned into multiple chunks each carried in a separate
NDEF record, where each of these records except the last has the CF flag set to 1. This
facility can be used to carry dynamically generated content for which the payload size is
not known in advance or very large entities that don't fit into a single NDEF record.
Chunked payloads are not intended to support multiplexing or streaming of content and
such use is deprecated. (See section 2.3.3.)
```
NDEF payload length
```
The size of the payload in a single NDEF record indicated as the number of octets (see
section 2.4.1).
```
NDEF payload type
```
An identifier that indicates the type of the payload. This specification supports URIs
[RFC 3986], MIME media type constructs [RFC 2616], as well as an NFC-specific
record type as type identifiers (see section 2.4.2).
```
NDEF payload identifier
```
An optional URI that can be used to identify a payload (see section 2.4.3).
```
NDEF generator
```
An entity or module that encapsulates application-defined payloads within NDEF
messages.
```
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 5
Overview
NDEF parser
```
An entity or module that parses NDEF messages and hands off the payloads to an NDEF
application.
```
User Application
```
See NDEF Application.
```
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 6
NDEF Mechanisms
## 2 NDEF Mechanisms........................................................................................
This section describes the mechanisms used in NDEF. The specific syntax for these mechanisms
is defined in Section 3.
### 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................
NFC Forum Data Exchange Format is a lightweight binary message format designed to
encapsulate one or more application-defined payloads into a single message construct. An NDEF
message contains one or more NDEF records, each carrying a payload of arbitrary type and up to
232 -1 octets in size. Records can be chained together to support larger payloads. An NDEF record
carries three parameters for describing its payload: the payload length, the payload type, and an
optional payload identifier. The purpose of these parameters is as follows:
The payload length
```
The payload length indicates the number of octets in the payload (see section 2.4.1). By
providing the payload length within the first 8 octets of a record, efficient record boundary
detection is possible.
```
The payload type
```
The NDEF payload type identifier indicates the type of the payload. NDEF supports URIs
[RFC 3986], MIME media type constructs [RFC 2046], and an NFC-specific type format as
type identifiers (see section 2.4.2). By indicating the type of a payload, it is possible to
dispatch the payload to the appropriate user application.
```
The payload identifier
```
A payload may be given an optional identifier in the form of an absolute or relative URI (see
section 2.4.3). The use of an identifier enables payloads that support URI linking
technologies to cross-reference other payloads.
```
### 2.2 Intended Usage...................................................................................................................
The intended usage of NDEF is as follows: A user application wants to encapsulate one or more
related documents into a single NDEF message. For example, this can be an application-specific
message along with a set of attachments, each of standardized type. The NDEF generator
encapsulates each document in NDEF records as payload or chunked payload, indicating the type
and length of the payload along with an optional identifier. The NDEF records are then put
together to form a single NDEF message. The NDEF message is transmitted across an NFC link
to another NFC Forum Device where they are received and parsed, or as an intermediate step, the
message is written to an NFC Forum Tag. An NFC Forum Device brought close to this NFC
Forum Tag will read the NDEF message from this tag and hand it over to the NDEF parser. The
NDEF parser deconstructs the NDEF message and hands the payloads to a (potentially different)
user application. Each NDEF message MUST be sent or received in its entirety.
NDEF records can encapsulate documents of any type. It is possible to carry MIME messages in
NDEF records by using a media type such as “message/rfc822”. An NDEF message can be
encapsulated in an NDEF record by using an NFC-specific predefined type (see [NFC RTD]).
It is important to note that although MIME entities are supported, there are no assumptions in
NDEF that a record payload is MIME; NDEF makes no assumption concerning the types of the
payloads carried in an NDEF message. Said differently, an NDEF parser need not inspect the
NDEF record type nor peer inside an NDEF record in order to parse the NDEF message.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 7
NDEF Mechanisms
NDEF provides no support for error handling. It is up to the NDEF parser to determine the
implications of receiving a malformed NDEF message or an NDEF message containing a field
length beyond its processing capabilities. It is the responsibility of the user applications involved
to provide any additional functionality such as QoS that they may need as part of the overall
system in which they participate.
### 2.3 NDEF Encapsulation Constructs........................................................................................
#### 2.3.1 Message.................................................................................................................
An NDEF message is composed of one or more NDEF records. The first record in a message is
marked with the MB (Message Begin) flag set and the last record in the message is marked with
the ME (Message End) flag set (see sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2). The minimum message length is
one record which is achieved by setting both the MB and the ME flag in the same record. Note
that at least two record chunks are required in order to encode a chunked payload (see section
2.3.3). The maximum number of NDEF records that can be carried in an NDEF message is
unbounded.
NDEF messages MUST NOT overlap; that is, the MB and the ME flags MUST NOT be used to
nest NDEF messages. NDEF messages MAY be nested by carrying a full NDEF message as a
payload within an NDEF record.
```
NDEF Message
R 1 MB=1 ... Rr ... Rs ... Rt ME=
```
```
Figure 1. Example of an NDEF Message with a Set of Records
```
The message head is to the left and the tail to the right, with the logical record indices t > s > r >
1. The MB (Message Begin) flag is set in the first record (index 1) and the ME (Message End)
flag is set in the last record (index t).
Actual NDEF records do not carry an index number; the ordering is implicitly given by the order
in which the records are serialized. For example, if records are repackaged by an intermediate
application, then that application is responsible for ensuring that the order of records is preserved.
#### 2.3.2 Record...................................................................................................................
A record is the unit for carrying a payload within an NDEF message. Each payload is described
by its own set of parameters (see section 2.4).
#### 2.3.3 Record Chunks
A record chunk carries a chunk of a payload. Chunked payloads can be used to partition
dynamically generated content or very large entities into multiple subsequent record chunks
serialized within the same NDEF message.
Chunking is not a mechanism for introducing multiplexing or data streaming into NDEF and it
MUST NOT be used for those purposes. It is a mechanism to reduce the need for outbound
buffering on the generating side. This is similar to the message chunking mechanism defined in
HTTP/1.1 [RFC 2616].
An NDEF message can contain zero or more chunked payloads. Each chunked payload is
encoded as an initial record chunk followed by zero or more middle record chunks and finally by
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 8
NDEF Mechanisms
a terminating record chunk. Each record chunk is encoded as an NDEF record using the
following encoding rules:
- The initial record chunk is an NDEF record with the CF (Chunk Flag) flag set (see section
3.2.3). The type of the entire chunked payload MUST be indicated in the TYPE field
regardless of whether the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field value is zero or not. The ID field MAY
be used to carry an identifier of the entire chunked payload. The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field
of this initial record indicates the size of the data carried in the PAYLOAD field of the initial
record only, not the entire payload size (see section 2.4.1).
- Each middle record chunk is an NDEF record with the CF flag set indicating that this record
chunk contains the next chunk of data of the same type and with the same identifier as the
initial record chunk. The value of the TYPE_LENGTH and the IL fields MUST be zero and
the TNF (Type Name Format) field value MUST be 0x06 (Unchanged) (see section 3.2.6).
The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field indicates the size of the data carried in the PAYLOAD field
of this single middle record only (see section 2.4.1).
- The terminating record chunk is an NDEF record with the CF flag cleared, indicating that
this record chunk contains the last chunk of data of the same type and with the same identifier
as the initial record chunk. As with the middle record chunks, the value of the
TYPE_LENGTH and the IL fields MUST be zero and the TNF (Type Name Format) field
value MUST be 0x06 (Unchanged) (see section 3.2.6). The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field
indicates the size of the data carried in the PAYLOAD field of this terminating record chunk
(see section 2.4.1).
A chunked payload MUST be entirely encapsulated within a single NDEF message. That is, a
chunked payload MUST NOT span multiple NDEF messages. As a consequence, neither an
initial nor a middle record chunk can have the ME (Message End) flag set.
### 2.4 NDEF Payload Description................................................................................................
Each record contains information about the payload carried within it. This section introduces the
mechanisms by which these payloads are described.
#### 2.4.1 Payload Length......................................................................................................
Regardless of the relationship of a record to other records, the payload length always indicates the
length of the payload encapsulated in this record. The length of the payload is indicated in the
PAYLOAD_LENGTH field. The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is one octet for short records and
four octets for normal records. Short records are indicated by setting the SR bit flag to a value of 1
(see section 3.2.4). Zero is a valid payload length.
#### 2.4.2 Payload Type.........................................................................................................
The payload type of a record indicates the kind of data being carried in the payload of that record.
This may be used to guide the processing of the payload at the discretion of the user application.
The type of the first record, by convention, SHOULD provide the processing context not only for
the first record but for the whole NDEF message. Additional context for processing the message
MAY be provided, for example, by the link layer service access point (LSAP) or transport service
port (e.g. TCP, UDP, etc) at which the message was received and by other communication
parameters.
It is important to emphasize that NDEF mandates no specific processing model for NDEF
messages. The usage of the payload types is entirely at the discretion of the user application. The
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 9
NDEF Mechanisms
comments regarding usage above should be taken as guidelines for building processing
conventions, including mappings of higher level application semantics onto NDEF.
The format of the TYPE field value is indicated using the TNF (Type Name Format) field (see
section 3.2.6). This specification supports TYPE field values in the form of NFC Forum well-
known types, NFC Forum external types, absolute URIs [RFC 3986], and MIME media-type
constructs. The first allows for NFC Forum specified payload types supporting NFC Forum
reference applications [NFC RTD]; URIs provide for decentralized control of the value space;
media types allow NDEF to take advantage of the media type value space maintained by IANA
[RFC 1700].
The media type registration process is outlined in RFC 2048 [RFC 2048]. Use of non-registered
media types is discouraged. The URI scheme registration process is described in RFC 2717 [RFC
2717]. It is RECOMMENDED that only well-known URI schemes registered by IANA be used
(see [URI SCHEME] for a current list).
URIs can be used for message types that are defined by URIs. Records that carry a payload with
an XML-based message type MAY use the XML namespace identifier of the root element as the
TYPE field value. A SOAP/1.1 message, for example, may be represented by the URI
```
http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/
```
NOTE: Encoding of URI characters which fall outside the US-ASCII range is left to the NDEF
application. Therefore, an NDEF parser must not assume any particular encoding for this field.
See [RFC 3986] and the specifications of particular protocol schemes (e.g. HTTP, URN, etc.) for
more information on parsing of URIs and character encoding requirements for non-ASCII
characters.
Records that carry a payload with an existing, registered media type SHOULD carry a TYPE
field value of that media type. The TYPE field indicates the type of the payload; it does NOT
refer to a MIME message that contains an entity of the given type. For example, the media type
```
image/jpeg
```
indicates that the payload is an image in JPEG format using JFIF encoding as defined by RFC
2046 [RFC 2046]. Similarly, the media type
```
message/http
```
indicates that the payload is an HTTP message as defined by RFC 2616 [RFC 2616]. The value
```
application/xml; charset=“utf-16”
```
indicates that the payload is an XML document as defined by RFC 3023 [RFC3023].
#### 2.4.3 Payload Identification..........................................................................................
The optional payload identifier allows user applications to identify the payload carried within an
NDEF record. By providing a payload identifier, it becomes possible for other payloads
supporting URI-based linking technologies to refer to that payload. NDEF does not mandate any
particular linking mechanism or format but leaves this to the user application to define in the
language it prefers.
It is important that payload identifiers are maintained so that references to those payloads are not
broken. If records are repackaged, for example, by an intermediate application, then that
application is responsible for ensuring that the linked relationship between identified payloads is
preserved.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 10
NDEF Mechanisms
### 2.5 NDEF Mechanisms Test Requirements...........................................................................
This section identifies the testable requirements of the NDEF mechanisms defined in chapter 2.
The purpose of this section and the table below is to guide the development of conformance tests
and does not supersede the normative requirements presented in the other sections of this chapter.
```
Test Requirements 1. NDEF Mechanisms Test Requirements
```
Message requirements
Each NDEF message MUST be exchanged in its entirety.
The first record in a message is marked with the MB (Message Begin) flag set.
The last record in the message is marked with the ME (Message End) flag set.
NDEF messages MUST NOT overlap; that is, the MB and the ME flags MUST NOT be used to
nest NDEF messages.
Record chunk requirements
Each chunked payload is encoded as an initial record chunk followed by 0 or more middle record
chunks and finally by a terminating record chunk.
The initial record chunk is an NDEF record with the CF (Chunk Flag) flag set.
The type of the entire chunked payload MUST be indicated in the TYPE field of the initial record
chunk.
The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field of the initial record indicates the size of the data carried in the
PAYLOAD field of the initial record only, not the entire payload size.
Each middle record chunk is an NDEF record with the CF flag set.
For each middle record chunk the value of the TYPE_LENGTH and the IL fields MUST be 0.
For each middle record chunk the TNF (Type Name Format) field value MUST be 0x
(Unchanged).
For each middle record chunk, the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field indicates the size of the data
carried in the PAYLOAD field of this single record only.
The terminating record chunk is an NDEF record with the CF flag cleared.
For the terminating record chunk, the value of the TYPE_LENGTH and the IL fields MUST be 0.
For the terminating record chunk, the TNF (Type Name Format) field value MUST be 0x
(Unchanged).
For the terminating record chunk, the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field indicates the size of the data
carried in the PAYLOAD field of this record only.
A chunked payload MUST be entirely encapsulated within a single NDEF message.
An initial record chunk MUST NOT have the ME (Message End) flag set.
A middle record chunk MUST NOT have the ME (Message End) flag set.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 11
NDEF Mechanisms
NDEF payload requirements
The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is four octets for normal records.
The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is one octet for records with an SR (Short Record) bit flag value
of 1.
The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field of a short record MUST have a value between 0 and 255.
The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field of a normal record MUST have a value between 0 and 2^32 -1.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 12
The NDEF Specification
## 3 The NDEF Specification..............................................................................
### 3.1 Data Transmission Order..................................................................................................
The order of transmission of the NDEF record described in this document is resolved to the octet
level. For diagrams showing a group of octets, the order of transmission of those octets is first left
to right and then top to bottom, as they are read in English. For example, in the diagram in Figure
2, the octets are transmitted in the order they are numbered.
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Octet 1 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Octet 2 | Octet 3 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Octet 4 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| Octet 5 |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
```
Figure 2. NDEF Octet Ordering
```
Whenever an octet represents a numeric quantity, the leftmost bit in the diagram is the high order
or most significant bit. For each multi-octet field representing a numeric quantity defined by
NDEF, the leftmost bit of the whole field is the most significant bit. Such quantities are
transmitted in a big-endian manner with the most significant octet transmitted first.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 13
The NDEF Specification
### 3.2 Record Layout..................................................................................................................
NDEF records are variable length records with a common format illustrated in the figure below.
In the following sections, the individual record fields are described in more detail.
```
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
```
```
MB ME CF SR IL TNF
```
```
TYPE LENGTH
```
```
PAYLOAD LENGTH 3
```
```
PAYLOAD LENGTH 2
```
```
PAYLOAD LENGTH 1
```
```
PAYLOAD LENGTH 0
```
```
ID LENGTH
```
```
TYPE
```
```
ID
```
```
PAYLOAD
```
```
Figure 3. NDEF Record Layout
```
#### 3.2.1 MB (Message Begin)...........................................................................................
The MB flag is a 1-bit field that when set indicates the start of an NDEF message (see section
2.3.1).
#### 3.2.2 ME (Message End)..............................................................................................
The ME flag is a 1-bit field that when set indicates the end of an NDEF message (see section
2.3.1). Note, that in case of a chunked payload, the ME flag is set only in the terminating record
chunk of that chunked payload (see section 2.3.3).
#### 3.2.3 CF (Chunk Flag)..................................................................................................
The CF flag is a 1-bit field indicating that this is either the first record chunk or a middle record
chunk of a chunked payload (see section 2.3.3 for a description of how to encode a chunked
payload).
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 14
The NDEF Specification
#### 3.2.4 SR (Short Record)...............................................................................................
The SR flag is a 1-bit field indicating, if set, that the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is a single octet.
This short record layout is intended for compact encapsulation of small payloads which will fit
within PAYLOAD fields of size ranging between 0 to 255 octets.
```
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
```
```
MB ME CF 1 IL TNF
```
```
TYPE LENGTH
```
```
PAYLOAD LENGTH
```
```
ID LENGTH
```
```
TYPE
```
```
ID
```
```
PAYLOAD
```
```
Figure 4. NDEF Short-Record Layout (SR=1)
```
While it is tempting for implementers to choose one or the other record layout exclusively for a
given application, NDEF parsers MUST accept both normal and short record layouts. NDEF
generators MAY generate either record layout as they deem appropriate. A single NDEF message
MAY contain both normal and short records.
#### 3.2.5 IL (ID_LENGTH field is present).......................................................................
The IL flag is a 1-bit field indicating, if set, that the ID_LENGTH field is present in the header as
a single octet. If the IL flag is zero, the ID_LENGTH field is omitted from the record header and
the ID field is also omitted from the record.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 15
The NDEF Specification
#### 3.2.6 TNF (Type Name Format)..................................................................................
The TNF field value indicates the structure of the value of the TYPE field (see section 2.4.2 for a
description of the TYPE field and section 4 for a description of internationalization issues related
to the TYPE field). The TNF field is a 3-bit field with values defined in the table below:
```
Table 1. TNF Field Values
```
```
Type Name Format Value
```
```
Empty 0x
NFC Forum well-known type [NFC RTD] 0x
```
```
Media-type as defined in RFC 2046 [RFC 2046] 0x
Absolute URI as defined in RFC 3986 [RFC 3986] 0x
NFC Forum external type [NFC RTD] 0x
```
```
Unknown 0x
Unchanged (see section 2.3.3) 0x
```
```
Reserved 0x
```
The value 0x00 (Empty) indicates that there is no type or payload associated with this record.
When used, the TYPE_LENGTH, ID_LENGTH, and PAYLOAD_LENGTH fields MUST be
zero and the TYPE, ID, and PAYLOAD fields are thus omitted from the record. This TNF value
can be used whenever an empty record is needed; for example, to terminate an NDEF message in
cases where there is no payload defined by the user application.
The value 0x01 (NFC Forum well-known type) indicates that the TYPE field contains a value that
follows the RTD type name format defined in the NFC Forum RTD specification [NFC RTD].
The value 0x02 (media-type) indicates that the TYPE field contains a value that follows the
media-type BNF construct defined by RFC 2046 [RFC 2046].
The value 0x03 (absolute-URI) indicates that the TYPE field contains a value that follows the
absolute-URI BNF construct defined by RFC 3986 [RFC 3986].
The value 0x04 (NFC Forum external type) indicates that the TYPE field contains a value that
follows the type name format defined in [NFC RTD] for external type names.
The value 0x05 (Unknown) SHOULD be used to indicate that the type of the payload is
unknown. This is similar to the “application/octet-stream” media type defined by MIME [RFC
2046]. When used, the TYPE_LENGTH field MUST be zero and thus the TYPE field is omitted
from the NDEF record. Regarding implementation, it is RECOMMENDED that an NDEF parser
receiving an NDEF record of this type, without further context to its use, provides a mechanism
for storing but not processing the payload (see section 4.2).
The value 0x06 (Unchanged) MUST be used in all middle record chunks and the terminating
record chunk used in chunked payloads (see section 2.3.3). It MUST NOT be used in any other
record. When used, the TYPE_LENGTH field MUST be zero and thus the TYPE field is omitted
from the NDEF record.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 16
The NDEF Specification
There is no default value for the TNF field. Reserved (or unassigned) TNF field values are for
future use and MUST NOT be used. An NDEF parser that receives an NDEF record with an
unknown or unsupported TNF field value SHOULD treat it as 0x05 (Unknown).
#### 3.2.7 TYPE_LENGTH.................................................................................................
The TYPE_LENGTH field is an unsigned 8-bit integer that specifies the length in octets of the
TYPE field. The TYPE_LENGTH field is always zero for certain values of the TNF field (see
section 3.2.6).
#### 3.2.8 ID_LENGTH.......................................................................................................
The ID_LENGTH field is an unsigned 8-bit integer that specifies the length in octets of the ID
field. This field is present only if the IL flag is set to 1 in the record header. An ID_LENGTH of
zero octets is allowed and, in such cases, the ID field is omitted from the NDEF record.
#### 3.2.9 PAYLOAD_LENGTH........................................................................................
The PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is an unsigned integer that specifies the length in octets of the
PAYLOAD field (the application payload). The size of the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is
determined by the value of the SR flag (see section 3.2.4).
If the SR flag is set, the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is a single octet representing an 8-bit
unsigned integer.
If the SR flag is clear, the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is four octets representing a 32-bit
unsigned integer. Transmission order of the octets is MSB-first (see section 3.1).
A payload length of 0 is allowed in which case the PAYLOAD field is omitted from the NDEF
record. Application payloads larger than 2^32 -1 octets can be accommodated by using chunked
payloads (see section 2.3.3).
#### 3.2.10 TYPE...................................................................................................................
The value of the TYPE field is an identifier describing the type of the payload (see section 2.4.2).
The value of the TYPE field MUST follow the structure, encoding, and format implied by the
value of the TNF field (see section 3.2.6).
An NDEF parser receiving an NDEF record with a TNF field value that it supports but an
unknown TYPE field value SHOULD interpret the type identifier of that record as if the TNF
field value were 0x05 (Unknown).
It is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that the type identifier be globally unique and maintained
with stable and well-defined semantics over time.
#### 3.2.11 ID.........................................................................................................................
The value of the ID field is an identifier in the form of a URI reference [RFC 3986] (see sections
2.4.3 and 4.4). The required uniqueness of the message identifier is guaranteed by the generator.
The URI reference can be either relative or absolute; NDEF does not define a base URI which
means that user applications using relative URIs MUST provide an actual or a virtual base URI
(see [RFC 3986]).
Middle and terminating record chunks (that is, records containing other than the initial chunk of a
chunked payload; see section 2.3.3) MUST NOT have an ID field. All other records MAY have
an ID field.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 17
The NDEF Specification
#### 3.2.12 PAYLOAD..........................................................................................................
The PAYLOAD field carries the payload intended for the NDEF user application. Any internal
structure of the data carried within the PAYLOAD field is opaque to NDEF.
### 3.3 THE NDEF Specification Test Requirements..................................................................
This section identifies the testable requirements of the NDEF mechanisms defined in chapter 3.
The purpose of this section is to guide the development of conformance tests and does not
supersede the normative requirements presented in the other sections of this chapter.
```
Test Requirements 2. The NDEF Specification Test Requirements
```
Data transmission order requirements
Quantities are transmitted in a big-endian manner with the most significant octet transmitted
first.
Record layout requirements
NDEF parsers MUST accept both normal and short record layouts.
NDEF parsers MUST accept single NDEF messages composed of both normal and short
records.
If the IL flag is 1, the ID_LENGTH field MUST be present.
If the IL flag is 0, the ID_LENGTH field MUST NOT be present.
If the IL flag is 0, the ID field MUST NOT be present.
The TNF field MUST have a value between 0x00 and 0x06.
If the TNF value is 0x00, the TYPE_LENGTH, ID_LENGTH, and PAYLOAD_LENGTH
fields MUST be zero and the TYPE, ID, and PAYLOAD fields MUST be omitted from the
record.
If the TNF value is 0x05 (Unknown), the TYPE_LENGTH field MUST be 0 and the TYPE
field MUST be omitted from the NDEF record.
If the TNF value is 0x06 (Unchanged), the TYPE_LENGTH field MUST be 0 and the TYPE
field MUST be omitted from the NDEF record.
The TNF value MUST NOT be 0x07.
If the ID_LENGTH field has a value 0, the ID field MUST NOT be present.
If the SR flag is 0, the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is four octets, representing a 32-bit
unsigned integer, and the transmission order of the octets is MSB-first.
If the SR flag is 1, the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field is a single octet representing an 8-bit
unsigned integer.
If the PAYLOAD_LENGTH field value is 0, the PAYLOAD field MUST NOT be present.
The value of the TYPE field MUST follow the structure, encoding, and format implied by the
value of the TNF field.
Middle and terminating record chunks MUST NOT have an ID field.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 18
Special Considerations
## 4 Special Considerations...............................................................................
### 4.1 Internationalization...........................................................................................................
Identifiers used in NDEF such as URIs and MIME media-type constructs may provide different
levels of support for internationalization. Implementers are referred to RFC 2718 [RFC 2718] for
internationalization considerations of URIs, RFC 2046 [RFC 2046] for internationalization
considerations of MIME media types and RFC 2047 [RFC 2047] for internationalization of
message headers (MIME).
### 4.2 Security.............................................................................................................................
Implementers should pay special attention to the security implications of any record types that
can cause the remote execution of any actions in the recipient’s environment. Before accepting
records of any type, an application should be aware of the particular security implications
associated with that type.
Security considerations for media types in general are discussed in RFC 2048 [RFC 2048] and in
the context of the “application” media types in RFC 2046 [RFC 2046].
### 4.3 Maximum Field Sizes.......................................................................................................
The size of the PAYLOAD field and the values used in the ID field and the TYPE field are
limited by the maximum size of these fields. The maximum size of the PAYLOAD field is 2^32 -1
octets in the normal NDEF record layout and 255 octets in the short record layout (see section
3.2.4). The maximum size of values in the ID and TYPE fields is 255 octets in both record
layouts.
While messages formed to these maximal record and field sizes are considered well-formed, not
all user applications will have the ability or the need to handle payload content, payload IDs, or
types identifiers of these maximal sizes. NDEF parsers that are resource-constrained MAY
choose to reject messages that are not sized to fit their specific needs.
However, NDEF parsers MUST NOT reject an NDEF message based solely on the value of the
SR flag.
### 4.4 Use of URIs in NDEF......................................................................................................
NDEF uses URIs [RFC 3986] for some identifiers. To NDEF, a URI is simply a formatted string
that identifies—via name, location, or any other characteristic—a resource.
The use of IP addresses in URIs SHOULD be avoided whenever possible (see RFC 1900 [RFC
1900]). However, when used, the literal format for IPv6 addresses in URIs as described by RFC
2732 [RFC 2732] SHOULD be supported.
NDEF does not define any equivalence rules for URIs in general as these are defined by the
individual URI schemes and by RFC 3986 [RFC 3986]. However, because of inconsistencies
with respect to some URI equivalence rules in many current URI parsers, it is RECOMMENDED
that generators of NDEF messages rely only on the most rudimentary equivalence rules defined
by RFC 3986.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 19
Special Considerations
### 4.5 Special Consideration Test Requirements........................................................................
This section identifies the testable requirements of the NDEF mechanisms defined in chapter 4.
The purpose of this section and the table below is to guide the development of conformance tests
and does not supersede the normative requirements presented in the other sections of this chapter.
```
Test Requirements 3. Special Consideration Test Requirements
```
An NDEF parser MUST NOT reject an NDEF message based solely on the value of the SR
flag.
An NDEF parser MAY reject messages that include records with TYPE, ID, or PAYLOAD
fields larger than its design limits.
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 20
Revision History
## A. Revision History..........................................................................................
The following table outlines the revision history of the NDEF Technical Specification.
```
Table 2. Revision History
```
Document Name Revision and
Release Date
```
Status Change notice Supersedes
```
NFCForum-TS-
NDEF_1.0
```
1.0, July 2006 Final none
```
NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) Page 21
# NFC Record Type Definition (RTD)
## Technical Specification
## NFC Forum
#### TM
## RTD 1.0
## NFCForum-TS-RTD_1.0
## 2006-07-24
##### RESTRICTIONS ON USE
This specification is copyright © 2005-2006 by the NFC Forum, and was made available pursuant to a
license agreement entered into between the recipient (Licensee) and NFC Forum, Inc. (Licensor) and may
be used only by Licensee, and in compliance with the terms of that license agreement (License). If you are
not the Licensee, you are not authorized to make any use of this specification. However, you may obtain a
copy at the following page of Licensor's Website: [http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/spec_license](http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/spec_license) after
entering into and agreeing to such license terms as Licensor is then requiring. On the date that this
specification was downloaded by Licensee, those terms were as follows:
1. LICENSE GRANT.
Licensor hereby grants Licensee the right, without charge, to copy (for internal purposes only) and share
the Specification with Licensee's members, employees and consultants (as appropriate). This license grant
does not include the right to sublicense, modify or create derivative works based upon the Specification.
2. NO WARRANTIES.
THE SPECIFICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS AND
NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL LICENSOR, ITS
MEMBERS OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL,
INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING
FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH
THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SPECIFICATION.
3. THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
Without limiting the generality of Section 2 above, LICENSOR ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY TO
COMPILE, CONFIRM, UPDATE OR MAKE PUBLIC ANY THIRD PARTY ASSERTIONS OF
PATENT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS THAT MIGHT NOW OR IN THE
FUTURE BE INFRINGED BY AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIFICATION IN ITS CURRENT,
OR IN ANY FUTURE FORM. IF ANY SUCH RIGHTS ARE DESCRIBED ON THE SPECIFICATION,
LICENSOR TAKES NO POSITION AS TO THE VALIDITY OR INVALIDITY OF SUCH
ASSERTIONS, OR THAT ALL SUCH ASSERTIONS THAT HAVE OR MAY BE MADE ARE SO
LISTED.
4. TERMINATION OF LICENSE.
In the event of a breach of this Agreement by Licensee or any of its employees or members, Licensor shall
give Licensee written notice and an opportunity to cure. If the breach is not cured within thirty (30) days
after written notice, or if the breach is of a nature that cannot be cured, then Licensor may immediately or
thereafter terminate the licenses granted in this Agreement.
5. MISCELLANEOUS.
All notices required under this Agreement shall be in writing, and shall be deemed effective five days from
deposit in the mails. Notices and correspondence to the NFC Forum address as it appears below. This
Agreement shall be construed and interpreted under the internal laws of the United States and the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without giving effect to its principles of conflict of law.
NFC Forum, Inc.
401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600
Wakefield, MA, USA 01880
Contents
## Contents
#### 1 Introduction....................................................................................................1
#### 1.1 Objectives........................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.2.1 Mission Statement and Goals................................................................................ 1
#### 1.3 References.......................................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.4 Administration.................................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.5 Special Word Usage........................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.6 Name and Logo Usage....................................................................................................... 3
#### 1.7 Intellectual Property........................................................................................................... 3
#### 1.8 Glossary.............................................................................................................................. 3
#### 2 Record Types.................................................................................................5
#### 2.1 NFC Forum Well-known Type.......................................................................................... 5
#### 2.1.1 NFC Forum Global Type...................................................................................... 5
#### 2.1.2 NFC Forum Local Type........................................................................................ 6
#### 2.2 NFC Forum External Type................................................................................................. 6
#### 2.3 Record Types Generic Requirements................................................................................. 7
#### 3 RTD Type Names...........................................................................................8
#### 3.1 Binary Encoding................................................................................................................. 9
#### 3.2 Percent Encoding in NFC Forum Types............................................................................ 9
#### 3.3 Equivalence of Record Type Names.................................................................................. 9
#### 3.4 RTD Type Names Requirements...................................................................................... 10
#### 4 Error Handling.............................................................................................11
#### 4.1 Illegal characters............................................................................................................... 11
#### 4.2 Unknown Record Types................................................................................................... 11
#### 4.3 Error Handling Requirements.......................................................................................... 11
#### A. Character Set for Record Types.................................................................12
#### B. Record Type Name Examples....................................................................13
#### C. Discussion on Associating Records.........................................................14
#### D. Revision History..........................................................................................16
## Figures
#### Figure 1. NDEF Messages (Multiple)........................................................................................... 14
#### Figure 2. NDEF Message with Metadata...................................................................................... 14
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page i
Tables
## Tables
#### Table 1. Definitions......................................................................................................................... 3
#### Table 2. Acronyms.......................................................................................................................... 4
#### Table 3. ASCII Character Chart.................................................................................................... 12
#### Table 4. Translating Record Type Names into Binary Representation......................................... 13
#### Table 5. Revision History.............................................................................................................. 16
## Test Requirements
#### Test Requirements 1. Record Types Generic Requirements........................................................... 7
#### Test Requirements 2. RTD Type Names Requirements................................................................ 10
#### Test Requirements 3. Error Handling Requirements..................................................................... 11
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page ii
Introduction
## 1 Introduction
The International Standard ISO/IEC 18092, Near Field Communication - Interface and Protocol
(NFCIP-1), defines an interface and protocol for simple wireless interconnection of closely
coupled devices operating at 13.56 MHz.
The NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) specification defines a data format to exchange
information between an NFC Forum Device and another NFC Forum Device or an NFC Forum
Tag. The information that can be exchanged by means of NDEF may describe which services an
NFC Forum Device or NFC Forum Tag offers, it may contain application or service-specific
parameters and meta-data, or it may describe capabilities of NFC Forum Devices or NFC Forum
Tags.
NDEF supports the use of standardized MIME content types and URIs to describe record content
which is specified outside of the NFC Forum. This specification describes two NFC Forum
specific types, known as “NFC Forum Well Known Types” and “NFC external types”.
### 1.1 Objectives
The NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) specification is a common data format for NFC Forum
Devices.
The NFC Data Exchange Format specification defines the NDEF data structure format as well as
rules to construct a valid NDEF packet as a collection of NDEF records. Furthermore, it defines
the mechanism for constructing unique NDEF record type names by different parties, including a
format for NFC Forum well-known types.
The NDEF specification defines only the data structure format to exchange application or service
specific data in an interoperable way, and it does not define any record types in detail. Specific
record types are defined in separate documents.
The first part of this specification considers the type format of the NFC Forum well-known
types—that is, the contents of an NDEF Type field when the “TNF” header field value is 0x01
(NFC Well-known Type).
The second part of this specification considers the third party extension type known as an “NFC
external type”, which is signified by the TNF header field value of 0x04.
### 1.2 Purpose
#### 1.2.1 Mission Statement and Goals
It is the mission of the NFC Forum to ensure interoperability of the NFC technology in a broad
variety of devices. The RTD specification is intended to support NFC-specific application and
service frameworks by providing a means for reservation of well-known record types, and third
party extension types.
The RTD specification provides guidelines for the specification of well-known types for inclusion
in NDEF messages exchanged between NFC Forum devices and between NFC Forum Devices
and NFC Forum Tags.
Actual type registrations are not provided in this specification but are expected to be included in
other documents.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 1
Introduction
### 1.3 References
[ASCII] ANSI X3.4-1986, Coded Character Set 7-bit American Standard Code
for Information Interchange
[ISO/IEC 18092] Information Technology- Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems- Near Field Communication - Interface and
Protocol (NFCIP-1).
[NDEF] NFC Data Exchange Format, NFC Forum, 2006.
[NFC Best] Best Practices for NFC Forum Terminology, NFC Forum, Technical
Committee Document.
[RFC 2119] S. Bradner, “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels”, RFC 2119, Harvard University, March 1997.
[http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.html](http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.html)
[RFC 2046] N. Freed, N. Borenstein, “Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) Part Two: Media Types” RFC 2046, Innosoft, First Virtual,
November 1996.
[RFC 2141] R. Moats, “URN SYNTAX”, May 1997.
[RFC 2234] D. Crocker, P. Overell, “Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications:
ABNF”, November 1997.
[RFC 3986] T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifiers
(URI): Generic Syntax”, RFC 3986, MIT/LCS, U.C. Irvine, Xerox
Corporation, January 2005. [http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.html](http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.html)
### 1.4 Administration
The NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Specification is an open specification supported by the
Near Field Communication Forum, Inc., located at:
401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600
Wakefield, MA, 01880
Tel.: +1 781-876-8955
Fax: +1 781-224-1239
[http://www.nfc-forum.org](http://www.nfc-forum.org)
The Reference Applications Framework technical working group maintains this specification.
This specification has been contributed to by Microsoft, Nokia, Panasonic, Philips, and Sony.
### 1.5 Special Word Usage
The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”,
“SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 2
Introduction
### 1.6 Name and Logo Usage
The Near Field Communication Forum’s policy regarding the use of the trademarks NFC Forum
and the NFC Forum logo is as follows:
- Any company MAY claim compatibility with NFC Forum specifications, whether a member
of the NFC Forum or not.
- Permission to use the NFC Forum logos is automatically granted to designated members only
as stipulated on the most recent Membership Privileges document, during the period of time
for which their membership dues are paid.
- Member’s distributors and sales representatives MAY use the NFC Forum logo in promoting
member’s products sold under the name of the member.
- The logo SHALL be printed in black or in color as illustrated on the Logo Page that is
available from the NFC Forum at the address above. The aspect ratio of the logo SHALL be
maintained, but the size MAY be varied. Nothing MAY be added to or deleted from the
logos.
- Since the NFC Forum name is a trademark of the Near Field Communication Forum, the
following statement SHALL be included in all published literature and advertising material in
which the name or logo appears:
NFC Forum and the NFC Forum logo are trademarks of the Near Field Communication
Forum.
### 1.7 Intellectual Property
The NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Specification conforms to the Intellectual Property
guidelines specified in the NFC Forum's Intellectual Property Right Policy, as approved on
November 9, 2004 and outlined in the NFC Forum Rules of Procedures, as approved on
December 17, 2004.
### 1.8 Glossary
This section defines all relevant terms and acronyms used in this specification.
```
Table 1. Definitions
```
NDEF application
```
The logical, higher-layer application on an NFC Forum Device using NDEF to format
information for exchange with other NFC Forum Devices or NFC Forum Tags. Also user
application or NDEF user application.
```
NDEF message
```
The basic message construct defined by this specification. An NDEF message contains
one or more NDEF records.
```
NDEF record
```
An NDEF record contains a payload described by a type, a length, and an optional
identifier.
```
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 3
Introduction
NDEF payload
```
The application data carried within an NDEF record.
```
NDEF generator
```
An entity or module that encapsulates application-defined payloads within NDEF
messages.
```
NDEF parser
```
An entity or module that parses NDEF messages and hands off the payloads to an NDEF
application.
```
User Application
```
See NDEF Application.
```
```
Table 2. Acronyms
```
NDEF NFC Data Exchange Format. See NFC DATA EXCHANGE FORMAT
(NDEF, Re-Draft Revision 0.96), NFC Forum Draft, October 2005
NID Namespace Identifier. Identifies uniquely an URN namespace. Please see
[RFC 2141] for a full definition.
NSS Namespace Specific String. The rest of the URN after the NID. See
[RFC 2141] for a full definition.
MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. A standard specifying the format
of strongly-typed data transferred over the Internet. Defined in [RFC
2045-2049]
RTD Record Type Definition. An NFC-specific record type and type name
which may be carried in an NDEF record with a TNF field value of 0x01
(NFC Well-Known Type).
URI Uniform Resource Identifier. A compact sequence of characters that
identifies an abstract or physical resource. [RFC 3986] Uniform
Resource Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are
both forms of URI.
URN Uniform Resource Name. A particular type of URI that is defined in
[RFC 2141].
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 4
Record Types
## 2 Record Types
The record type string field of an NDEF record contains the name of the record type (called
“record type name”). Record type names are used by NDEF applications to identify the semantics
and structure of the record content.
Record type names may be specified in several formats, called Type Name Formats, as signified
by the TNF field of the NDEF record header. Record type names may be MIME media types,
absolute URIs, NFC Forum external type names, or may be well-known NFC type names
(RTD’s, the subject of this specification).
Each record type definition is identified by its record type name.
Record type names can be defined by the NFC Forum and by third parties. In the following
sections, the rules governing the RTD type name space are defined.
### 2.1 NFC Forum Well-known Type
The NFC Forum Well-known Type is a dense format designed for tags and creating primitives for
certain common types. It is meant to be used in case there is no equivalent URI or MIME type
available, or when message size limitations require a very short name.
An NFC Forum Well Known Type is identified inside an NDEF message by setting the TNF field
of a record to the value of 0x01, as defined in the NDEF specification.
An NFC Forum Well-Known Type is a URN as defined by [RFC 2141], with the namespace
identifier (NID) “nfc”.
The Namespace Specific String of the NFC Well Known Type URN is prefixed with “wkt:”.
However, when encoded in an NDEF message, the Well Known Type MUST be written as a
relative-URI construct [RFC 3896], omitting the NID and the “wkt:” –prefix.
For example, the Well Known Type “urn:nfc:wkt:a” would be encoded as “a”. The Well Known
Type “urn:nfc:wkt:Very-complicated-type” would be encoded as “Very-complicated-type”.
There are two kinds of NFC Forum Well Known Types detailed in the sections below. For
brevity, we exclude the URN NID and the NSS prefix from the examples.
For a definition of the character ranges used in the Well Known Types, please see chapter 3.
#### 2.1.1 NFC Forum Global Type
The NFC Forum is responsible for defining and managing NFC Forum Global Types. Other
parties MUST NOT define or redefine these.
An NFC Forum Global Type SHALL start with an upper-case letter (character range <upper>).
Examples of NFC Forum Global Types: “U”, “Cfq”, “Trip-to-Texas”.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 5
Record Types
#### 2.1.2 NFC Forum Local Type
NFC Forum Local Types SHALL start with a character in sets <lower> or <number>.
NFC Forum Local Types are available for use within the context of another record. A processing
application MUST NOT process these types when application context is not available. Local
types are used whenever the burden of using a long, domain name–based external type is too
much, and there is no need to define its meaning outside of the local context.
An RTD or an application defines the context for the interpretation for a Local Type. A Local
Type MAY be reused by another application in a different context and with different content.
Examples of NFC Forum Local Types: “0”, “foo”, “u”.
### 2.2 NFC Forum External Type
The External Type Name is meant for organizations that wish to self-allocate a name space to be
used for their own purposes.
An External Type is identified in an NDEF record by setting the TNF field value to 0x04, as
defined in the NDEF specification [NDEF].
The External Type is, much like a Well Known Type, an URN, with the NID of “nfc”. However,
the NSS specific part is put into another namespace named “ext”. A canonical version of the
External Type Name would look like:
```
“urn:nfc:ext:example.com:f”
```
The External Type Name MUST be formed by taking the domain name of the issuing
organization, adding a colon, and then adding the type name as managed by the organization.
As with Well Known Types, the binary encoding of External Type Name inside NDEF messages
MUST omit the NID and the NSS prefix of “ext”.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 6
Record Types
### 2.3 Record Types Generic Requirements
```
Test Requirements 1. Record Types Generic Requirements
```
NFC Forum standardized types defined as RTD records SHALL use NFC Forum Well-
Known type names.
When packaged into NDEF records, NFC Forum standardized types defined as RTD records
SHALL be signified in the NDEF record header by the Type Name Format (TNF) field value
of 0x01 (NFC Forum Well-Known Type).
An NFC Forum Well Known Type SHALL be a URN with the “urn:nfc:wkt:” prefix.
An NFC Forum Global Type MUST NOT be defined or redefined by other parties than NFC
Forum.
An NFC Forum Global Type SHALL start with a character in the range <upper> as defined in
Chapter 3.
An NFC Forum Local Type SHALL start with a character in the range <lower> or <number>
as defined in Chapter 3.
A processing application MUST NOT process a NFC Forum Local Type if an application
context is not available.
An NFC Forum Local Type MAY be reused by another application in a different context and
with different content.
An NFC Forum External Type SHALL be identified with the TNF field value of 0x04.
An NFC Forum External Type SHALL be a URN with the prefix of “urn:nfc:ext:”.
In the NDEF binary format, the URN prefix MUST NOT be used.
The External Type MUST be formed by taking the domain name of the issuing organization,
adding a colon, and then adding a type name. An External Type MUST include a colon and a
non-zero length type name.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 7
RTD Type Names
## 3 RTD Type Names
This section defines the normative requirements for the NFC Forum Well-Known Type Names
(below: RTD-URI). The language used is the ABNF format as defined in RFC 2234 [RFC 2234].
RTD-URI = “urn:nfc:” nfc-nss
nfc-nss = wkt-nss / external-nss
wkt-nss = wkt-id “:” WKT-type
external-nss = external-id “:” external-type
wkt-id = “wkt”
external-id = “ext”
WKT-type = local / global
local = ( lower / number ) *WKT-char
global = upper *WKT-char
external-type = dns-part “:” name-part
dns-part = 1*DNS-char
name-part = 1*WKT-char
WKT-char = upper / lower / number / other
DNS-char = upper / lower / number / “.” / “-”
upper = “A” / “B” / “C” / “D” / “E” / “F” / “G” / “H” /
“I” / “J” / “K” / “L” / “M” / “N” / “O” / “P” /
“Q” / “R” / “S” / “T” / “U” / “V” / “W” / “X” /
“Y” / “Z”
lower = “a” / “b” / “c” / “d” / “e” / “f” / “g” / “h” /
“i” / “j” / “k” / “l” / “m” / “n” / “o” / “p” /
“q” / “r” / “s” / “t” / “u” / “v” / “w” / “x” /
“y” / “z”
number = “0” / “1” / “2” / “3” / “4” / “5” / “6” / “7” /
“8” / “9”
other = “(“ / “)” / “+” / “,” / “-” /
“:” / “=“ / “@” / “;” / “$” /
“_” / “!” / “*” / “'“ / “.”
reserved = “%” / “/” / “?” / “#”
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 8
RTD Type Names
### 3.1 Binary Encoding
The binary encoding of Well Known Types and External Type Names for NDEF MUST be done
according to the ASCII chart in Appendix A.
The URN NID and the NFC NSS prefixes MUST NOT be included in the binary NDEF format.
(However, if RTDs are used in other formats, such as XML, the URNs SHOULD be given in the
absolute URN format.)
NOTE: This specification does not define legal characters for any particular record content.
Record content is specified in other documents, specific to those record types.
### 3.2 Percent Encoding in NFC Forum Types
To help define equivalence rules for NFC Forum Well Known Types, NFC Forum will not issue
a Global Type Name using percent-encoding as defined in [RFC 2141]. Any Local Type Name
used by third parties MUST NOT use the percent encoding.
External Types SHOULD NOT use the percent encoding. However, an application using such an
external type MUST first encode the string in UTF-8 before converting it to the percent encoding.
### 3.3 Equivalence of Record Type Names
The comparison of record type names is done on a character-by-character basis.
Two Well Known Type names MUST be compared in a case-sensitive manner. Because of the
fact that the encoding is fixed to US-ASCII, it also implies that two Well Known Types MUST be
considered equivalent if and only if their binary representations are identical.
Example:
“Foobar”
“fooBar”
“fOoBaR”
“foobar”
The four examples above are all different Well Known Type names.
Two External Type Names MUST be compared in a case-insensitive manner. Example:
“example.com:foobar”
“Example.com:foobar”
“Example.COM:Foobar”
“eXaMpLe.CoM:fOoBaR”
The four examples above represent all the same External Type Name.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 9
RTD Type Names
### 3.4 RTD Type Names Requirements
```
Test Requirements 2. RTD Type Names Requirements
```
The binary encoding of Well Known Types (including Global and Local Names) and External
Type names MUST be done according to the ASCII chart in Appendix A.
Well Known Types (including Global and Local Names) MUST NOT use the percent-
encoding as defined by RFC 2141.
External types SHOULD NOT use the percent encoding as defined by RFC 2141.
Two Well Known Types (including Global and Local Names) MUST be compared on a case-
sensitive, character-by-character basis. In other words, two Well Known Types MUST be
considered equal if and only if their binary representations are identical.
Two External Types MUST be compared on a case insensitive, character-by-character basis.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 10
Error Handling
## 4 Error Handling
### 4.1 Illegal characters
A record with a type name containing characters outside of the valid range of characters defined
in Chapter 3 MUST be ignored.
### 4.2 Unknown Record Types
Applications MUST ignore records which have a Well Known Type or an External Type that
they do not recognize.
### 4.3 Error Handling Requirements
```
Test Requirements 3. Error Handling Requirements
```
Any character not defined as a valid character in Chapter 3 SHALL be considered an illegal
character in a record type name.
Records containing illegal characters in the record type name MUST be ignored.
An application that does not recognize a record type name MUST ignore the entire record.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 11
```
Character Set for Record Types
```
## A. Character Set for Record Types
```
Record type names SHALL be formed of characters from of the US ASCII [ASCII] character set.
Characters in the range [0-31] and 127 decimal, as shown in the following table, SHALL NOT be
used in record type names.
Table 3. ASCII Character Chart
```
Binary Dec Hex Graph. Binary Dec Hex Graph. Binary Dec Hex Graph.
0010 0000 32 20 (blank)^ 0100 0000 64 40 @^ 0110 0000 96 60 `
0010 0001 33 21!^ 0100 0001 65 41 A^ 0110 0001 97 61 a
0010 0010 34 22 “^ 0100 0010 66 42 B^ 0110 0010 98 62 b
0010 0011 35 23 #^ 0100 0011 67 43 C^ 0110 0011 99 63 c
0010 0100 36 24 $^ 0100 0100 68 44 D^ 0110 0100 100 64 d
0010 0101 37 25 %^ 0100 0101 69 45 E^ 0110 0101 101 65 e
0010 0110 38 26 &^ 0100 0110 70 46 F^ 0110 0110 102 66 f
0010 0111 39 27 ’^ 0100 0111 71 47 G^ 0110 0111 103 67 g
0010 1000 40 28 (^ 0100 1000 72 48 H^ 0110 1000 104 68 h
0010 1001 41 29 )^ 0100 1001 73 49 I^ 0110 1001 105 69 i
0010 1010 42 2A *^ 0100 1010 74 4A J^ 0110 1010 106 6A j
0010 1011 43 2B +^ 0100 1011 75 4B K^ 0110 1011 107 6B k
0010 1100 44 2C , , 0100 1100 76 4C L^ 0110 1100 108 6C l
0010 1101 45 2D - 0100 1101 77 4D M^ 0110 1101 109 6D m
0010 1110 46 2E.^ 0100 1110 78 4E N^ 0110 1110 110 6E n
0010 1111 47 2F /^ 0100 1111 79 4F O^ 0110 1111 111 6F o
0011 0000 48 30 0 0101 0000 80 50 P^ 0111 0000 112 70 p
0011 0001 49 31 1 0101 0001 81 51 Q^ 0111 0001 113 71 q
0011 0010 50 32 2 0101 0010 82 52 R^ 0111 0010 114 72 r
0011 0011 51 33 3 0101 0011 83 53 S^ 0111 0011 115 73 s
0011 0100 52 34 4 0101 0100 84 54 T^ 0111 0100 116 74 t
0011 0101 53 35 5 0101 0101 85 55 U^ 0111 0101 117 75 u
0011 0110 54 36 6 0101 0110 86 56 V^ 0111 0110 118 76 v
0011 0111 55 37 7 0101 0111 87 57 W^ 0111 0111 119 77 w
0011 1000 56 38 8 0101 1000 88 58 X^ 0111 1000 120 78 x
0011 1001 57 39 9 0101 1001 89 59 Y^ 0111 1001 121 79 y
0011 1010 58 3A :^ 0101 1010 90 5A Z^ 0111 1010 122 7A z
0011 1011 59 3B ;^ 0101 1011 91 5B [^ 0111 1011 123 7B {
0011 1100 60 3C <^ 0101 1100 92 5C \^ 0111 1100 124 7C |
0011 1101 61 3D =^ 0101 1101 93 5D ]^ 0111 1101 125 7D }
0011 1110 62 3E >^ 0101 1110 94 5E ^^ 0111 1110 126 7E ~
0011 1111 63 3F?^ 0101 1111 95 5F _^
```
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 12
```
Record Type Name Examples
## B. Record Type Name Examples
The contents of this appendix are informative and describe examples for encoding and comparing
record type names into their binary representation.
An example of translating a record type name into binary representation:
```
Table 4. Translating Record Type Names into Binary Representation
```
```
String Representation Binary Representation (as hexadecimal)
Sms 53 6D 73
```
```
sms 73 6D 73
```
To encode the binary representation of the type names, each character from the string
representation is replaced by its binary value from Appendix A.
In this example, the two record type names are considered non-equivalent since their binary
representations are not identical. The case-sense of letters in the string, white space, and other
language comparison rules are not considered when comparing type strings for equivalence. Only
the binary representations are considered.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 13
Discussion on Associating Records
## C. Discussion on Associating Records
The contents of this appendix are informative.
There are two basic ways to associate NDEF records to each other. The first one is called
“association by reference”, which is amounts to a flat hierarchy or a list of objects.
When associating records by reference, the context is typically given by the first record in the
message. This is the same association model that is used by MIME. For example, if you wish to
represent an email message with two PNG attachments as an NDEF message, you first send the
email message in one record (typed message/rfc822), then the first PNG image as a separate
record (image/png), and the second PNG image (again, image/png). To illustrate:
```
NDEF MESSAGE
Email (message/rfc822) Pic1.png (image/png) Pic2.png (image/png)
```
```
Figure 1. NDEF Messages (Multiple)
```
This method allows an application to lift the PNG images off the message, even if it does not
understand the email message. In general, when designing your own record types, you should
choose association by reference if your message parts would be valuable even on their own, i.e.,
even if the context is not understood. Association by reference is also a good model if you are
moving a large amount of data because it allows you to take advantage of the chunking feature of
NDEF. In addition, it also allows the processing to start at the receiver end before the message is
finished (this is one of the reasons why it is good to declare the context at the beginning of the
message).
The second way is called “association by containment”. This is a hierarchical model (not entirely
unlike XML or HTML), where the content portion of an NDEF records contains an NDEF
message. This is very useful in the case where you wish to imply a stronger relationship between
records, or need to serialize information that is already in a hierarchical format. Also, if you are
going to send multiple objects of the same type within the message, you probably wish to use an
containment model, and then string them together in a list(so yes, it is possible and very sensible
to mix these models).
For example, the Smart Poster record defines a URI plus some added metadata about that URI.
The added metadata is not useful to an application without the URI itself, and in fact, it would be
relatively meaningless. To illustrate:
```
NDEF Message
Sp (Smart Poster) application/vcard
URI Text Action Configuration vCard data
```
```
Figure 2. NDEF Message with Metadata
```
In this case, there are two records in the NDEF message. The first one is a Smart Poster
containing a URI, a Text record for a title, an action, and a configuration record; whereas the
other one is just a normal vCard (using the vCard standard). (In this case, there is no particular
context defined for the vCard, so an application may either ignore it or use it for some purpose;
this is an implementation detail. In general, putting records describing different things and
assuming some particular context or processing model will probably result in interoperability
trouble.)
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 14
Discussion on Associating Records
Anyway, since the Text, Action, and Configuration are so tightly coupled with the URI (the URI
might not even be fetchable without the proper configuration, if the config defines a local access
point), they work better using a containment model than a reference model.
Neither of these examples displayed any use of the ID field, which can be used in both models
with equal efficiency. In association by reference, the first record typically lists the IDs that it
uses and defines the context that way; in association by containment, the IDs would typically be
used to signify the role of a record (e.g., “A record with an ID of 'config' shall be used for
defining an access point.”)
Of course, an application is free to mix-and-match these association types. There is no hard-and-
fast rule to say which one is better in a given situation, and as designed, this allows maximum
flexibility to the application developer.
A third, but deprecated, practice would be using ordering (i.e., record #1 would always signify
something, record #2 something else, record #3 again something else), but this, in general, is not
a good idea, since you cannot rely on any particular behavior of a NDEF processor. It could be
that by the time your application receives the NDEF message, records may have been inserted or
removed. Do not rely on any implementation-specific behavior. This seems obvious to any
seasoned developer, but it is easy to forget in the rush of a deadline.
The advice in this discussion is offered because it is likely that developers at some point face the
need to associate NDEF records with each other, and it is good that some of the best practices and
conventions are laid out for all to see. Reading a new specification can be difficult, and hopefully
discussion such as this will ease the work of the developer.
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 15
Revision History
## D. Revision History
The following table outlines the revision history of the RTD Technical Specification.
```
Table 5. Revision History
```
Document Name Revision and
Release Date
```
Status Change notice Supersedes
```
NFCForum-TS-
RTD_1.0
```
1.0, July 2006 Final none
```
NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Page 16
# Text Record Type Definition
## Technical Specification
## NFC Forum
#### TM
## RTD-Text 1.0
## NFCForum-TS-RTD_Text_1.0
## 2006-07-24
##### RESTRICTIONS ON USE
This specification is copyright © 2005-2006 by the NFC Forum, and was made available pursuant to a
license agreement entered into between the recipient (Licensee) and NFC Forum, Inc. (Licensor) and may
be used only by Licensee, and in compliance with the terms of that license agreement (License). If you are
not the Licensee, you are not authorized to make any use of this specification. However, you may obtain a
copy at the following page of Licensor's Website: [http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/spec_license](http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/spec_license) after
entering into and agreeing to such license terms as Licensor is then requiring. On the date that this
specification was downloaded by Licensee, those terms were as follows:
1. LICENSE GRANT.
Licensor hereby grants Licensee the right, without charge, to copy (for internal purposes only) and share
the Specification with Licensee's members, employees and consultants (as appropriate). This license grant
does not include the right to sublicense, modify or create derivative works based upon the Specification.
2. NO WARRANTIES.
THE SPECIFICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS AND
NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL LICENSOR, ITS
MEMBERS OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL,
INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING
FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH
THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SPECIFICATION.
3. THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
Without limiting the generality of Section 2 above, LICENSOR ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY TO
COMPILE, CONFIRM, UPDATE OR MAKE PUBLIC ANY THIRD PARTY ASSERTIONS OF
PATENT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS THAT MIGHT NOW OR IN THE
FUTURE BE INFRINGED BY AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIFICATION IN ITS CURRENT,
OR IN ANY FUTURE FORM. IF ANY SUCH RIGHTS ARE DESCRIBED ON THE SPECIFICATION,
LICENSOR TAKES NO POSITION AS TO THE VALIDITY OR INVALIDITY OF SUCH
ASSERTIONS, OR THAT ALL SUCH ASSERTIONS THAT HAVE OR MAY BE MADE ARE SO
LISTED.
4. TERMINATION OF LICENSE.
In the event of a breach of this Agreement by Licensee or any of its employees or members, Licensor shall
give Licensee written notice and an opportunity to cure. If the breach is not cured within thirty (30) days
after written notice, or if the breach is of a nature that cannot be cured, then Licensor may immediately or
thereafter terminate the licenses granted in this Agreement.
5. MISCELLANEOUS.
All notices required under this Agreement shall be in writing, and shall be deemed effective five days from
deposit in the mails. Notices and correspondence to the NFC Forum address as it appears below. This
Agreement shall be construed and interpreted under the internal laws of the United States and the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without giving effect to its principles of conflict of law.
NFC Forum, Inc.
401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600
Wakefield, MA, USA 01880
Contents
## Contents
#### 1 Overview........................................................................................................1
#### 1.1 Objectives........................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.2.1 Mission Statement and Goals................................................................................ 1
#### 1.3 References.......................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.4 Administration.................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.5 Special Word Usage........................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.6 Name and Logo Usage....................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.7 Intellectual Property........................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.8 Acronyms........................................................................................................................... 2
#### 2 Text Record....................................................................................................3
#### 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 3
#### 2.2 Dependencies...................................................................................................................... 3
#### 2.3 Security Considerations...................................................................................................... 3
#### 3 NDEF structure..............................................................................................4
#### 3.1 Messaging Sequence.......................................................................................................... 4
#### 3.2 Records Mapping............................................................................................................... 4
#### 3.2.1 Syntax.................................................................................................................... 4
#### 3.2.2 Structure................................................................................................................ 5
#### 3.3 Language Codes................................................................................................................. 5
#### 3.4 UTF-16 Byte Order............................................................................................................ 5
#### A. Example UTF-8 Encoding.............................................................................6
#### B. Revision History............................................................................................7
## Tables
#### Table 1. Acronyms.......................................................................................................................... 2
#### Table 2. Text Record Content Syntax............................................................................................. 4
#### Table 3. Status Byte Encodings....................................................................................................... 4
#### Table 4. Example: “Hello, world!”.................................................................................................. 6
#### Table 5. Revision History................................................................................................................ 7
Text Record Type Definition Page i
Overview
## 1 Overview
The Text Record Type Description defines an NFC Forum Well Known Type [NFC RTD] for
plain text data. It may be used as free form text descriptions of other objects on an RFID tag.
### 1.1 Objectives
The objective of this document is to function as a normative reference to the Text RTD.
### 1.2 Purpose
#### 1.2.1 Mission Statement and Goals
The Text RTD was designed to be used as a general purpose text field to add metadata to things
such as URLs. It needs to provide a lightweight component with clearly defined semantics.
The goal is not to replace text/plain, but to define a clear subset that can be used in cases where
there is not much space to be used, and to cover the most probable use cases.
The Text RTD must work well for non-western languages also, and it needs to include the
language information for localization purposes so that the language can be identified and served
to the user.
### 1.3 References
[NDEF] “NFC Data Exchange Format Specification”, NFC Forum, 2006.
[NFC RTD] “NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Specification”, NFC Forum, 2006.
[RFC 2119] S. Bradner, “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels”, RFC 2119, Harvard University, March 1997.
[http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.html](http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.html)
[RFC 3066] H. Alvestrand, “Tags for the Identification of Languages”, RFC 3066,
Cisco Systems, January 2001. [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3066.html](http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3066.html)
[RFC 3066bis] A. Phillips, M. Davis, “Tags for the Identification of Languages”. IETF
Draft. [http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ltru-registry-14.txt](http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ltru-registry-14.txt)
[UNICODE] “The Unicode 4.0.1 standard”.
[http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.1/](http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.1/)
### 1.4 Administration
The Text RTD Specification is an open specification supported by the Near Field Communication
Forum, Inc., located at:
401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600
Wakefield, MA, 01880
Tel.: +1 781-876-8955
Fax: +1 781-224-1239
[http://www.nfc-forum.org](http://www.nfc-forum.org)
The Reference Applications Framework technical working group maintains this specification.
Text Record Type Definition Page 1
Overview
### 1.5 Special Word Usage
The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”,
“SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
### 1.6 Name and Logo Usage
The Near Field Communication Forum’s policy regarding the use of the trademarks NFC Forum
and the NFC Forum logo is as follows:
- Any company MAY claim compatibility with NFC Forum specifications, whether a member
of the NFC Forum or not.
- Permission to use the NFC Forum logos is automatically granted to designated members only
as stipulated on the most recent Membership Privileges document, during the period of time
for which their membership dues are paid.
- Member’s distributors and sales representatives MAY use the NFC Forum logo in promoting
member’s products sold under the name of the member.
- The logo SHALL be printed in black or in color as illustrated on the Logo Page that is
available from the NFC Forum at the address above. The aspect ratio of the logo SHALL be
maintained, but the size MAY be varied. Nothing MAY be added to or deleted from the
logos.
- Since the NFC Forum name is a trademark of the Near Field Communication Forum, the
following statement SHALL be included in all published literature and advertising material in
which the name or logo appears:
NFC Forum and the NFC Forum logo are trademarks of the Near Field Communication
Forum.
### 1.7 Intellectual Property
The Text RTD Specification conforms to the Intellectual Property guidelines specified in the
NFC Forum's Intellectual Property Right Policy, as approved on November 9, 2004 and outlined
in the NFC Forum Rules of Procedures, as approved on December 17, 2004.
### 1.8 Acronyms
This table defines all relevant terms and acronyms used in this specification.
```
Table 1. Acronyms
```
Acronyms Definition
LSB Least Significant Bit
NDEF NFC Data Exchange Format
RFU Reserved for Future Use
RTD Record Type Description
URI Uniform Resource Identifier
URL Uniform Resource Locator (this is a special case of an URI)
Text Record Type Definition Page 2
Text Record
## 2 Text Record
### 2.1 Introduction
The “Text” record contains freeform plain text. It can be used to describe a service or the contents
of the tag, for example.
The Text record MAY appear as a sole record in an NDEF message [NDEF], but in this case the
behavior is undefined and left to the application to handle. Typically, the Text record should be
used in conjunction with other records to provide explanatory text.
### 2.2 Dependencies
There are no dependencies for the Text element.
### 2.3 Security Considerations
It is possible to write different text on the Text record than what the tag actually does, and thus
spoof the user into doing something else than what he actually wanted (i.e., phishing). Thus it is a
good idea for the user interface to use the Text field only as an informative field.
Text Record Type Definition Page 3
NDEF structure
## 3 NDEF structure
### 3.1 Messaging Sequence
There is no particular messaging sequence available for this RTD.
### 3.2 Records Mapping
#### 3.2.1 Syntax
The NFC Forum Well Known Type [NDEF], [NFC RTD] for the Text record is “T” (in NFC
binary encoding: 0x54).
The data content is as follows:
```
Table 2. Text Record Content Syntax
```
```
Offset
(bytes)
```
```
Length
(bytes)
```
```
Content
```
```
0 1 Status byte. See Table 3.
```
```
1 <n> ISO/IANA language code. Examples: “fi”, “en-US”, “fr-
CA”, “jp”. The encoding is US-ASCII.
n+1 <m> The actual text. Encoding is either UTF-8 or UTF-16,
depending on the status bit.
```
The Status bit encodings are as described in Table 3. Any value marked RFU SHALL be ignored,
and any software writing these bits SHALL use the value zero for these bits.
```
Table 3. Status Byte Encodings
```
```
Bit number (0
is LSB)
```
```
Content
```
```
7 0: The text is encoded in UTF-8
1: The text is encoded in UTF16
```
```
6 RFU (MUST be set to zero)
```
```
5..0 The length of the IANA language code.
```
The contents of the text field MAY be shown to the user. If multiple 'T' records exist, the one
with the closest matching language to the user preference SHOULD be displayed. To have
multiple text elements within a single application, context with the same language code SHOULD
be considered an error.
Text Record Type Definition Page 4
NDEF structure
Control characters (0x00-0x1F in UTF-8) should be removed prior to display, except for newline,
line feed (0x0D, 0x0A) and tab (0x08) characters. Markup MUST NOT be embedded (please use
the “text/xhtml” or other suitable MIME types). The Text record should be considered to be equal
to the MIME type “text/plain; format=fixed”.
Line breaks in the text MUST be represented using the CRLF (so-called DOS convention, the
sequence 0x0D,0x0A in UTF-8). The device may deal with the tab character as it wishes.
White space other than newline and tab SHOULD be collapsed, i.e., multiple space characters are
to be considered a single space character.
To find the length of the actual text in bytes, you calculate the length via “m=(length of the
payload – length of the IANA language code – 1)”
#### 3.2.2 Structure
If the Text record describes an element, it SHOULD occur in the NDEF record list before the
element it is describing. This makes it faster to find and display to the user if the element is very
large.
### 3.3 Language Codes
All language codes MUST be done according to RFC 3066 [RFC3066]. The language code MAY
NOT be omitted.
The language code length is encoded in the six least significant bits of the status byte. Thus it is
easy to find by masking the status byte with the value 0x3F.
The language code is typically either two characters or five characters, though in the future, it is
likely that it will be possible to have longer codes. At this time, IETF is considering an extension
to RFC 3066 which will cover language codes up to 33 bytes in length [RFC 3066bis]. The two-
character version disregards any dialects, and thus is used most often; for example, “fi” for
Finnish, “jp” for Japanese, “fr” for French. However, in some cases you might want to
differentiate between variants of the same language, such as providing US-English and British
English versions via “en-US” and “en-UK” respectively.
### 3.4 UTF-16 Byte Order
The Unicode Byte-Order-Mark (BOM) in the actual string MUST be tolerated (i.e. no error
condition). When generating a Text record, the BOM MAY be omitted. If the BOM is omitted,
the byte order shall be big-endian (UTF-16 BE).
Text Record Type Definition Page 5
Example UTF-8 Encoding
## A. Example UTF-8 Encoding
Here’s an example on how the English phrase “Hello, world!” would be encoded in UTF-8:
```
Table 4. Example: “Hello, world!”
```
```
Offset Content Explanation Syntactical info
```
```
0 N/A IL flag = 0 (no ID field), SF=1
(Short format)
1 0x01 Length of the record name
```
```
2 0x10 The length of the payload data (16
bytes)
3 “T” The binary encoding of the name,
as defined in [1]
```
```
NDEF record header
```
```
4 0x02 Status byte: This is UTF-8, and
has a two-byte language code
5 “en” “en” is the ISO code for “English”
```
```
Payload
```
```
7 “Hello,
world!”
```
```
UTF-8 string “Hello, world!”
The actual body text.
```
Text Record Type Definition Page 6
Revision History
## B. Revision History
The following table outlines the revision history of the Text RTD Technical Specification.
```
Table 5. Revision History
```
Document
Name
```
Revision and
Release Date
```
```
Status Change Notice Supersedes
```
NFCForum-TS-
RTD_Text_1.0
```
1.0, July 2006 None First Revision
```
Text Record Type Definition Page 7
# URI Record Type Definition
## Technical Specification
## NFC Forum
#### TM
## RTD-URI 1.0
## NFCForum-TS-RTD_URI_1.0
## 2006-07-24
##### RESTRICTIONS ON USE
This specification is copyright © 2005-2006 by the NFC Forum, and was made available pursuant to a
license agreement entered into between the recipient (Licensee) and NFC Forum, Inc. (Licensor) and may
be used only by Licensee, and in compliance with the terms of that license agreement (License). If you are
not the Licensee, you are not authorized to make any use of this specification. However, you may obtain a
copy at the following page of Licensor's Website: [http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/spec_license](http://www.nfc-forum.org/resources/spec_license) after
entering into and agreeing to such license terms as Licensor is then requiring. On the date that this
specification was downloaded by Licensee, those terms were as follows:
1. LICENSE GRANT.
Licensor hereby grants Licensee the right, without charge, to copy (for internal purposes only) and share
the Specification with Licensee's members, employees and consultants (as appropriate). This license grant
does not include the right to sublicense, modify or create derivative works based upon the Specification.
2. NO WARRANTIES.
THE SPECIFICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS AND
NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL LICENSOR, ITS
MEMBERS OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL,
INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING
FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH
THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SPECIFICATION.
3. THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
Without limiting the generality of Section 2 above, LICENSOR ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY TO
COMPILE, CONFIRM, UPDATE OR MAKE PUBLIC ANY THIRD PARTY ASSERTIONS OF
PATENT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS THAT MIGHT NOW OR IN THE
FUTURE BE INFRINGED BY AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIFICATION IN ITS CURRENT,
OR IN ANY FUTURE FORM. IF ANY SUCH RIGHTS ARE DESCRIBED ON THE SPECIFICATION,
LICENSOR TAKES NO POSITION AS TO THE VALIDITY OR INVALIDITY OF SUCH
ASSERTIONS, OR THAT ALL SUCH ASSERTIONS THAT HAVE OR MAY BE MADE ARE SO
LISTED.
4. TERMINATION OF LICENSE.
In the event of a breach of this Agreement by Licensee or any of its employees or members, Licensor shall
give Licensee written notice and an opportunity to cure. If the breach is not cured within thirty (30) days
after written notice, or if the breach is of a nature that cannot be cured, then Licensor may immediately or
thereafter terminate the licenses granted in this Agreement.
5. MISCELLANEOUS.
All notices required under this Agreement shall be in writing, and shall be deemed effective five days from
deposit in the mails. Notices and correspondence to the NFC Forum address as it appears below. This
Agreement shall be construed and interpreted under the internal laws of the United States and the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, without giving effect to its principles of conflict of law.
NFC Forum, Inc.
401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600
Wakefield, MA, USA 01880
Contents
## Contents
#### 1 Overview........................................................................................................1
#### 1.1 Objectives........................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.2.1 Mission Statement and Goals................................................................................ 1
#### 1.3 References.......................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.4 Administration.................................................................................................................... 1
#### 1.5 Special Word Usage........................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.6 Name and Logo Usage....................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.7 Intellectual Property........................................................................................................... 2
#### 1.8 Acronyms........................................................................................................................... 3
#### 2 URI Service.....................................................................................................4
#### 2.1 NDEF Message Sequences................................................................................................. 4
#### 2.2 Dependencies...................................................................................................................... 4
#### 3 NDEF Structure..............................................................................................5
#### 3.1 Messaging Sequence.......................................................................................................... 5
#### 3.2 Records Mapping............................................................................................................... 5
#### 3.2.1 URI Record Type.................................................................................................. 5
#### 3.2.2 URI Identifier Code............................................................................................... 5
#### 3.2.3 URI Field............................................................................................................... 7
#### 4 Handling Guideline........................................................................................8
#### A. Examples........................................................................................................9
#### A.1 Simple URL with No Substitution..................................................................................... 9
#### A.2 Storing a Telephone Number............................................................................................. 9
#### A.3 Storing a Proprietary URI on the Tag............................................................................... 10
#### B. Revision History..........................................................................................11
## Tables
#### Table 1. Acronyms.......................................................................................................................... 3
#### Table 2. URI Record Contents........................................................................................................ 5
#### Table 3. Abbreviation Table............................................................................................................ 5
#### Table 4. Simple URL with No Substitution.................................................................................... 9
#### Table 5. Storing a Telephone Number............................................................................................ 9
#### Table 6. Storing a Proprietary URI on the Tag.............................................................................. 10
#### Table 7. Revision History.............................................................................................................. 11
URI Record Type Definition Page i
Overview
## 1 Overview
The URI Service RTD (Record Type Description) is an NFC RTD describing a record to be used
with the NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) to retrieve a URI stored in a NFC-compliant tag or
to transport a URI from one NFC device to another.
The URI (either a URN or URL) also provides a way to store URIs inside other NFC elements,
such as a Smart Poster (please see the Smart Poster RTD for more information).
### 1.1 Objectives
The RTD defines the use of NDEF by the means of the NDEF records mapping.
### 1.2 Purpose
#### 1.2.1 Mission Statement and Goals
The purpose of the URI RTD is to provide a “primitive” to contain URIs as defined by RFC 3986
in a compact manner.
### 1.3 References
[NDEF] “NFC Data Exchange Format Specification”, NFC Forum, 2006.
[NFC RTD] “NFC Record Type Definition (RTD) Specification”, NFC Forum, 2006.
[RFC 2119] S. Bradner, “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels”, RFC 2119, Harvard University, March 1997.
[http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.html](http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.html)
[RFC 3492] A. Costello: “Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for
Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)”, RFC 3492,
March 2003. [http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3492.html](http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3492.html)
[RFC 3986] T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifiers
(URI): Generic Syntax”, RFC 3986, MIT/LCS, U.C. Irvine, Xerox
Corporation, January 2005. [http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.html](http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.html)
[RFC 3987] M. Duerst, M. Suignard, “Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)”,
RFC 3987, Microsoft Corporation, January 2005.
[http://rfc.net/rfc3987.html](http://rfc.net/rfc3987.html)
[SMARTPOSTER] “Smart Poster RTD Specification”, NFC Forum, 2006.
[URI SCHEME] List of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes registered by IANA.
[http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes](http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes)
### 1.4 Administration
The URI RTD Specification is an open specification supported by the Near Field Communication
Forum, Inc., located at:
401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600
Wakefield, MA, 01880
Tel.: +1 781-876-8955
Fax: +1 781-224-1239
URI Record Type Definition Page 1
Overview
[http://www.nfc-forum.org](http://www.nfc-forum.org)
The Reference Applications technical working group maintains this specification.
This specification has been contributed to by Sony, Panasonic, Philips and Nokia.
### 1.5 Special Word Usage
The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”,
“SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
### 1.6 Name and Logo Usage
The Near Field Communication Forum’s policy regarding the use of the trademarks NFC Forum
and the NFC Forum logo is as follows:
- Any company MAY claim compatibility with NFC Forum specifications, whether a member
of the NFC Forum or not.
- Permission to use the NFC Forum logos is automatically granted to designated members only
as stipulated on the most recent Membership Privileges document, during the period of time
for which their membership dues are paid.
- Member’s distributors and sales representatives MAY use the NFC Forum logo in promoting
member’s products sold under the name of the member.
- The logo SHALL be printed in black or in color as illustrated on the Logo Page that is
available from the NFC Forum at the address above. The aspect ratio of the logo SHALL be
maintained, but the size MAY be varied. Nothing MAY be added to or deleted from the
logos.
- Since the NFC Forum name is a trademark of the Near Field Communication Forum, the
following statement SHALL be included in all published literature and advertising material in
which the name or logo appears:
NFC Forum and the NFC Forum logo are trademarks of the Near Field Communication
Forum.
### 1.7 Intellectual Property
The URI Record Type Definition Specification conforms to the Intellectual Property guidelines
specified in the NFC Forum's Intellectual Property Right Policy, as approved on November 9,
2004 and outlined in the NFC Forum Rules of Procedures, as approved on December 17, 2004.
URI Record Type Definition Page 2
Overview
### 1.8 Acronyms
This table defines all relevant terms and acronyms used in this specification.
```
Table 1. Acronyms
```
Acronyms Definition
NDEF NFC Data Exchange Format
URI Uniform Resource Identifier
URL Uniform Resource Locator (this is a special case of an URI)
RFU Reserved for Future Use
NFC Near Field Communication
URI Record Type Definition Page 3
URI Service
## 2 URI Service
This document defines URI Service with data model, describing the application scenarios for
simple Smart Poster applications, the structure of an URI located on an NFC compliant device or
tag, and provides examples.
The URI record type MAY also be used as a part of some other RTD, in which case it implies no
specific action. A typical example of this might be a case where the developer wants to build his
own record type containing multiple URLs. In this case, it is impossible to divine the meaning of
each URL automatically, so it is left to the handler taking care of the developer’s own type.
Devices are NOT required to implement any particular URI protocol.
### 2.1 NDEF Message Sequences
There are no specific message sequences.
### 2.2 Dependencies
The Smart Poster RTD [SMARTPOSTER] may be considered to be an extended version of the
URI RTD. It uses auxiliary records to add metadata to the URI.
URI Record Type Definition Page 4
NDEF Structure
## 3 NDEF Structure
### 3.1 Messaging Sequence
There is no particular messaging sequence.
### 3.2 Records Mapping
#### 3.2.1 URI Record Type
The Well Known Type for an URI record is “U” (0x55 in the NDEF binary representation).
The structure of an URI record is described below.
```
Table 2. URI Record Contents
```
```
Name Offset Size Value Description
Identifier
code
```
```
0 1 byte URI identifier code The URI identifier code, as
specified in Table 3.
URI
field
```
```
1 N UTF-8 string The rest of the URI, or the entire
URI (if identifier code is 0x00).
```
#### 3.2.2 URI Identifier Code
In order to shorten the URI, the first byte of the record data describes the protocol field of an
URI. The following table MUST be used to encode and decode the URI, though applications
MAY use the 0x00 value to denote no prefixing when encoding, regardless of whether there
actually is a suitable abbreviation code.
For explanations of the different protocols, please refer to the protocol documentations
themselves. NFC devices are not required to support any particular protocol.
```
Table 3. Abbreviation Table
```
```
Decimal Hex Protocol
0 0x00 N/A. No prepending is done, and the URI field
contains the unabridged URI.
```
```
1 0x01 http://www.
2 0x02 https://www.
3 0x03 http://
4 0x04 https://
5 0x05 tel:
6 0x06 mailto:
7 0x07 ftp://anonymous:anonymous@
```
```
8 0x08 ftp://ftp.
9 0x09 ftps://
```
URI Record Type Definition Page 5
NDEF Structure
```
Decimal Hex Protocol
10 0x0A sftp://
11 0x0B smb://
12 0x0C nfs://
13 0x0D ftp://
14 0x0E dav://
15 0x0F news:
```
```
16 0x10 telnet://
17 0x11 imap:
18 0x12 rtsp://
19 0x13 urn:
20 0x14 pop:
21 0x15 sip:
22 0x16 sips:
```
```
23 0x17 tftp:
24 0x18 btspp://
25 0x19 btl2cap://
26 0x1A btgoep://
27 0x1B tcpobex://
28 0x1C irdaobex://
29 0x1D file://
```
```
30 0x1E urn:epc:id:
31 0x1F urn:epc:tag:
32 0x20 urn:epc:pat:
33 0x21 urn:epc:raw:
34 0x22 urn:epc:
35 0x23 urn:nfc:
36...255 0x24..0xFF RFU
```
For example, if the content of this field is 0x02, and the content of the URI field reads as “nfc-
forum.org”, the resulting URI is “https://www.nfc-forum.org”.
If the content this field is zero (0x00), then NO prepending SHALL be done.
All fields marked RFU SHALL be treated as if they were value zero (no prepending). A
compliant system MUST NOT produce values that are marked RFU.
URI Record Type Definition Page 6
NDEF Structure
#### 3.2.3 URI Field
This field provides the URI as per RFC 3987 [RFC 3987] (so that it is actually an IRI, or
Internationalized Resource Identifier, but for legacy reasons we use the word URI). This IRI can
be a URL or URN as explained before. The encoding used MUST be UTF-8, unless the URI
scheme specifies some particular encoding.
The length of the IRI can be calculated by taking the length of the payload, and subtracting 1 for
the protocol abbreviation code byte. This is the length in bytes, not in characters (as UTF-8
characters can occupy more than one byte).
URIs are defined only in the 7-bit US-ASCII space. Therefore, a compliant application SHOULD
transform the UTF-8 IRI string to a 7-bit US-ASCII string by changing code points above 127
into the proper encoding. This coding has been defined in the RFC 3987 [RFC 3987] and IDN
[RFC 3492] documents. For different schemes, the encoding may be different.
For example, if the URI (after the prepending of the URI type field) contains the following string:
“http://www.hääyö.com/”, it is transformed, as per standard IDN [RFC 3492] rules, into
“http://www.xn--hy-viaa5g.com” before acting on it. Most modern applications already support
this new Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) scheme. It is RECOMMENDED that
implementations include support for IRI where display of the URI in human-readable form is
anticipated.
To clarify: yes, the URI MAY contain UTF-8 characters. However, the Internet cannot handle
them, and therefore the URI needs to be transformed before use. For most devices, this
conversion is handled by the application.
Any character value within the URI between (and including) 0 and 31 SHALL be recorded as an
error, and the URI record to be discarded. Any invalid UTF-8 sequence SHALL be considered an
error, and the entire URI record SHALL be discarded.
URI Record Type Definition Page 7
Handling Guideline
## 4 Handling Guideline
The URI RTD does not define any specific action that the device is required to perform. This is
left to the implementation.
Please see the Smart Poster RTD [SMARTPOSTER] for an example on how to use the URI RTD
in your own application.
URI Record Type Definition Page 8
Examples
## A. Examples
These examples omit the MB and ME flags from the URI RTD, and assume the Short Record
format. See the NDEF specification [NDEF] for more information.
### A.1 Simple URL with No Substitution
To put the URL [http://www.nfc.com](http://www.nfc.com) on a tag using the NDEF protocol, add the following byte
sequence. Total length: 12 bytes.
```
Table 4. Simple URL with No Substitution
```
```
Offset Content Explanation
```
```
0 0xD1 SR = 1, TNF = 0x01 (NFC Forum Well Known
Type), ME=1, MB=1
1 0x01 Length of the Record Type (1 byte)
```
```
2 0x08 Length of the payload (8 bytes)
```
```
3 0x55 The URI record type (“U”)
```
```
4 0x01 URI identifier (“http://www.”)
```
```
5 0x6e 0x66 0x63 0x2e
0x63 0x6f 0x6d
```
```
The string “nfc.com” in UTF-8.
```
### A.2 Storing a Telephone Number
To store a telephone number (for example, to make a mobile phone make a call to this number),
use the following byte sequence. The number is ‘+358-9-1234567’. Total length is 17 bytes.
```
Table 5. Storing a Telephone Number
```
```
Offset Content Explanation
```
```
0 0xD1 SR = 1, TNF = 0x01 (NFC Forum Well Known
Type), MB=1, ME=1
1 0x01 Length of the Record Type (1 byte)
```
```
2 0x0D Length of the payload (13 bytes)
```
```
3 0x55 The Record Name (“U”)
```
```
4 0x05 Abbreviation for “tel:”
```
```
5 0x2b 0x33 0x35 0x38
0x39 0x31 0x32 0x33
0x34 0x35 0x36 0x37
```
```
The string “+35891234567” in UTF-8.
```
URI Record Type Definition Page 9
Examples
### A.3 Storing a Proprietary URI on the Tag
To store a proprietary URI, you can use the following byte sequence. The URI in this case is
“mms://example.com/download.wmv”. Total length is 35 bytes.
```
Table 6. Storing a Proprietary URI on the Tag
```
```
Offset Content Explanation
```
```
0 0xD1 SR = 1, TNF = 0x01 (NFC Forum Well Known
Type), MB=1, ME=1
1 0x01 Length of the Record Type (1 byte)
```
```
2 0x1F Length of the payload (31 bytes)
```
```
3 0x55 The Record Name (“U”)
```
```
4 0x00 No abbreviation
```
```
5 0x6d 0x6d 0x73 0x3a
0x2f 0x2f 0x65 0x78
0x61 0x6d 0x70 0x6c
0x65 0x2e 0x63 0x6f
0x6d 0x2f 0x64 0x6f
0x77 0x6e 0x6c 0x6f
0x61 0x64 0x2e 0x77
0x6d 0x76
```
```
The string
“mms://example.com/download.wmv“.
```
URI Record Type Definition Page 10
Revision History
## B. Revision History
The following table outlines the revision history of the RTD_URI Technical Specification.
```
Table 7. Revision History
```
Document
Name
```
Revision and
Release Date
```
```
Status Change Notice Supersedes
```
NFCForum-TS-
RTD_URI_1.0
```
1.0, July 2006 Final None
```
URI Record Type Definition Page 11
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